732
CREB and p-Akt, Finally, the apoptotic effect of curcumin was synchronised with
decreased expression of p-Akt, which is an important factor in cell survival and
proliferation (47).
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thanks Dr Adeeb Shehzad for his technical assistance and help
with figures preparation, and gratefully acknowledges the efforts by Prof.
Alexzander Asea and Dr. Badaruddin Abbasi for carefully proofreading the
manuscript.
6. REFERENCES
1.
Elmore S. Apoptosis: A Review of Programmed Cell Death. Toxicologic Pathology
35
, 495–
516 (2007).
2. Tilg, H.; Moschen, AR. Adipocytokines, mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and
immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology.
6
, 772-783 (2006).
3. Aoki, N.; Jin-no, S.; Nakagawa, Y.; Asai, N.; Arakawa, E.; Tamura, N.; Tamura, T.; Matsuda, T.
Identification and characterization of microvesicles secreted by 3T3-L1 adipocytes, redox-
and hormone-dependent induction of milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8-
associated microvesicles. JEndocrinology
148
(8), 3850-3862 (2007).
4. Zeigerer, A.; Rodeheffer, M S.; McGraw, T E.; Friedman, J M. Insulin regulates leptin secretion
from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism. JExp Cell Res. 1,
314
(11-12), 2249-2256 (2008).
5. Ciardi, C.; Jenny, M.; Tschoner, A.; Ueberall, F.; Patsch, J.; Pedrini, M.; Ebenbichler, C.; Fuchs,
D. Food additives such as sodium sulphite, sodium benzoate and curcumin inhibit leptin
release in lipopolysaccharide-treated murine adipocytes in vitro. Br J Nutr
107
(6), 826-
833 (2012).
6. Jiang, M C.; Yang-Yen, H F.; Yen, J J.; Lin, J K. Curcumin induces apoptosis in immortalized NIH
3T3 and malignant cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer
26
(1), 111-120 (1996).
7. Peyot, M.; Gadeau, A.; Dandré, F.; Belloc, I.; Dupuch, F.; Desgranges, C. Extracellular
Adenosine Induces Apoptosis of Human Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells via A2b-
Purinoceptor. Circulation Research
86
, 76-85 (2000).
8. Zhang, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, N.; Yu, M.; Shen, B.; Xiang, J.; Lin A. Cyclic AMP inhibits JNK
activation by CREB-mediated induction of c-FLIP(L) and MKP-1, thereby antagonizing UV-
induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ
15
(10), 1654-1662 (2008).
9. Naviglio, S.; Di Gesto, D.; Romano, M.; Sorrentino, A.; Illiano, F.; Sorvillo, L.; Abbruzzese, A.;
Marra, M.; Caraglia, M.; Chiosi, E.; Spina, A.; Illiano, G. Leptin enhances growth inhibition by
cAMP elevating agents through apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer
Biology & Therapy
8
(12), 1183-1190 (2009).
10. Ruderman, N B.; Park, H.; Kaushik, V K.; Dean, D S.; Constant, S.; Prentki, M.; Saha, A K.
AMPK as a metabolic switch in rat muscle, liver and adipose tissue after exercise. Acta
Physiol Scand
178,
435–442 (2003).
11. Ruderman, N. B.; Saha, A. K.; Vavvas, D.; Witters, L. A. Malonyl-CoA, fuel sensing and insulin
resistance. Am J Physiol
276
, E1–18 (1999).
12. Mihaylova, M. M.; Shaw, R. J. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth,
autophagy and metabolism. Nature Cell Biology
13,
1016-1023 (2011).
13. Reusch, J. B.; Colton, L. A.; Klemm, D. J. CREB Activation induces adipogenesis in 3T3-L1
cells. Mol Cell Biol
20.3
, 1008–1020 (2000).
14. Simon, H. U.; Haj-Yehia, A.; Levi-Schaffer, F. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
apoptosis induction. Apoptosis
5.5
, 415-418 (2000).
15. Antognelli, C.; Gambelunghe, A.; Talesa, V. N.; Muzi, G. Reactive oxygen species induce
apoptosis in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells by inhibiting the antiglycation glyoxalase I
