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proliferation as well as cytokine production of activated CD4+ T-‐cells in a similar
manner todexamethasone (25). The compoundpassed successfully fromPhase III
clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00471419) inMay2007andnowis
marketed as a 1% eye drop suspension under the trade name Vexol by Alcon
Laboratories (26).
LX214/VOCLOSPORIN
LX214-‐voclosporin (Figure 3) is an immunosuppressant drug developedby
Isotechnika and Lux Biosciences. Voclosporin is a calcineurin inhibitor, analog of
cyclosporin with enhanced action against calcineurin and a greater metabolic
stability. It is alreadyusedas a treatment of various formsof non-‐infectiousuveitis
(27). The two companies are evaluating voclosporin ophthalmic solution as a
treatment fordryeyedisease inaPhase I clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT00851734), butdidnotpublishresultsover itsefficacy(28).
TOFACITINIB
Pfizer Inc. developeda JAK inhibitor called
Tofacitinib
(formerlyCP-‐690550
-‐
Tasocitinib
) (Figure 4) capable to interfere the JAK-‐STAT signaling pathway,
which transmits extracellular information into the cell nucleus, influencing DNA
transcription (29). The company concluded phase I/II trials (ClinicalTrials.gov
Identifier: NCT00784719) in patients for various disorders including dry eye
disease. The trials demonstrated improvement in the signs and symptoms on dry
eye patients and the use of the drug was well tolerated and without severe side
effects (30). Huangandcolleagues conducteda study to82patientswithmoderate
to severe dry eye disease, treated for eight weeks with 0.0001% to 0.005%
tofacitinib
once or twice daily
.
The patients showed reduction in conjunctival cell
surface HLA-‐DR expression, tear levels of pro-‐inflammatory cytokines and
inflammationmarkers. The markers in tears included MMP-‐9, IL-‐15, IL-‐17A, and
IL-‐12p70(31).
NUTRILARM®-‐OMEGA-‐3ANDOMEGA6FATTYACIDS-‐T1675
Omega-‐3 and omega-‐6 essential fatty acids (EFA) are the origin of a family
of compounds calledeicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signalingmoleculesproducedby
the oxidation of 20-‐carbon fatty acids and they are mediators of various
inflammatory processes. In general, the omega-‐3 derived compounds, systemic
